Which of the following is NOT included in the secular definition of "professional"?

The secular definition of "professional" typically refers to occupations that require specialized knowledge and prolonged training, often associated with a certain degree of autonomy, adherence to ethical standards, and a service orientation. Law enforcement certainly fits within a professional framework, as it involves a specialized body of knowledge, ongoing education, and ethical expectations. However, the term "professional" is commonly applied in a broader context that emphasizes roles like medicine, engineering, and teaching, which are traditionally viewed as professions requiring specific qualifications and ethical obligations.

In contrast, the term "professional" in law enforcement might sometimes be perceived differently due to the nature of policing, which can include various aspects like community engagement and public service that may not fit the stricter, traditional definitions typically applied to other professions. Thus, law enforcement can sometimes be seen as more of a public service role rather than a profession in the same sense as the other listed fields, making it less aligned with the conventional aspects of professionalism.